Report Overview

During the last decade, approvals for several first-in-class kinase inhibitors have resulted in a wider recognition of kinases as an important class of drug targets. In the cancer market, there are now seven launched agents targeting EGFR family kinases, three launched agents targeting ABL family kinases and two launched agents targeting VGFR family kinases. Although the kinase market is still relatively young, 173 kinase-related genes are now being targeted in drug developments.

‘Innovations in Protein Kinase Therapies’ is a report published by Business Insights that provides analysis of 608 kinase-targeting drugs in commercial development by 232 originating companies. This report identifies areas of innovation and opportunity for kinase targeting drugs in cancer and examines the non-cancer applications of kinase drugs across inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, restenosis, diabetes, and other disorders. Leading kinase drug originating companies are profiled to reveal their drugs in development and co-development strategies. Global sales forecasts to 2013 for kinase-targeted drugs are also provided.

Key Findings

This report has identified 608 drugs under development from 232 originating companies. These include 455 anticancer drugs directed at a total of 122 molecular targets, and 153 drugs for indications other than cancer, which are directed at 79 molecular targets.

21 (3.5%) of the developmental kinase drugs identified by this report have been launched, and 28 (7.8%) are in Phase 3 clinical trials or beyond. The vast majority of kinase drugs in development are small molecule drugs (78.8%).

Cancer is the most popular indication for kinase drugs (74.8%), followed by arthritis, diabetes and inflammation. A number of marketed drugs are also targeting restenosis.

The global market for kinase-targeted drugs is forecast to grow by 18% per annum, from $13bn in 2008 to $35bn in 2013, based on this report’s analysis of kinase-targeting drug segments.

Novartis has a commanding lead of the kinase drug market, with a 29% share in 2008. In 2013, Novartis' leadership is set to continue, but the most improved company is expected to be Bristol-Myers Squibb, as a result of strong growth from Sprycel.

Use this report to...

• Examine the novel approaches to small molecule kinase inhibitor discovery with this report’s analysis of the strategies currently under development for the efficient discovery and optimization of new inhibitors.
• Identify the most promising approaches to kinase modulation in cancer and other diseases by examining drug targets including ABL1, EGFR, ERBB2, FLT3, KIT, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, FLT1, FLT4, KDR, JAK2, MET, AKT1, CDC2, CDK2, AURKA, AURKB, PLK1, FRAP1, and PIK3CA.
• Compare the activities of the top 20 kinase drug originating companies and identify potential development partners with this report’s analysis of each player’s kinase-related collaborations and drug pipelines.
• Understand future developments in the global kinase drug market, review global pharma trends by region/indication and forecast sales to 2013 for drugs directed at specific kinase-related targets.

Explore issues including...

The potential of ATP competitive inhibitor libraries. With the binding of ATP being essential for kinase activity, most R&D efforts in the past have been directed at the discovery of small molecule reversible ATP competitive inhibitors. Vast libraries of ATP competitive inhibitors offer the promise of easy success in the search for new kinase inhibitors.

The importance of profiling drug candidate activity against a wide variety of kinases. Understanding the behaviour of a compound provides an early indication of whether or not it can have potentially toxic side-effects. Assays developed to allow the selectivity of a new kinase inhibitor to be evaluated at the protein and cellular level are described in this report.

Selectivity criteria for kinases as targets in inflammation. The key issue in the inflammation area is mainly the selectivity of both the target and the inhibitor, in addition to the associated side effect profile of corresponding drugs. In contrast to oncology applications where efficacy is by far the most important criteria, a high safety profile is key for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Discover...

• What types of kinase-targeting drugs are currently available?
• Which are the most important therapeutic indications for kinase drugs?
• Which kinase targets are being pursued by drug developers?
• Which companies are the most prolific developers of kinase drugs and what drugs are in their portfolios?
• What is the nature of commercial activity surrounding the major kinase targets?
• How is the kinase-targeting drug market segmented and how are these sectors expected to perform over the period 2009-13?
• Which areas of unmet need are new kinase drugs likely to address?
• What are the trends in kinase-related patenting in the US?

Kinases: Highways to Drug Discovery Executive Summary 16
Chapter 1 Kinases as drug targets 16
Chapter 2 Small molecule kinase inhibitor discovery 17
Chapter 3 Targeting kinases in cancer 18
Chapter 4 Non-cancer applications of kinase drugs 20
Chapter 5 Leading kinase drug originating companies 21
Chapter 6 Market Analysis: Trends and Forecasts 22
Chapter 1 Kinases as drug targets 26
Summary 26
Introduction 27
Overview of human protein kinases 30
Classification schemes 32
Kinases in signal transduction pathways 36
MAPK pathways 38
MAPK (ERK) pathway 39
JNK/SAPK pathway 40
MAPK14 pathway 40
PI3K/AKT signaling 41
JAK/STAT signaling 41
NFKB pathway 42
Insulin receptor signaling 43
Immune cell signaling 43
T cell receptor signaling 43
B-cell receptor complexes 44
Signaling in vascular morphogenesis 44
VEGF receptor signaling 44
EGF receptor signaling 45
Cyclic nucleotide metabolism 45
Cell cycle checkpoint controls 45
Categories of kinase-targeted drugs 46
Small molecules 47
Monoclonal antibodies 49
Emerging biopharmaceuticals 50
Kinase drug audit 51
Chapter 2 Small molecule kinase inhibitor discovery 58
Summary 58
Introduction 59
Mechanisms of kinase inhibition 60
ATP competitive inhibitors 60
Irreversible inhibitors 61
Allosteric inhibitors 62
Approaches to kinase inhibitor discovery 63
Traditional kinase inhibitor discovery 63
High-throughput screening of compound libraries 63
Lead optimization 65
Synthesis of inhibitor analogs 65
Structure-informed drug design 66
Structure-informed drug re-design 67
Fragment-based drug discovery 68
Kinase inhibitor selectivity assays 69
Protein selectivity assays 70
Kinase activity assays 70
Kinase binding assays 71
Cellular selectivity assays 73
Identifying substrates of kinases 74
Chapter 3 Targeting kinases in cancer 78
Summary 78
Overview of cancer 79
Established and emerging therapies 84
Therapeutic potential of kinase inhibition 86
Types of kinase targets 89
Mutationally-activated kinases 89
Kinases which sustain tumor growth 90
Kinases with roles in tumorigenesis 91
Top 20 kinase targets 92
Group: TK 92
ABL1 (Abl family) 92
Target characteristics 92
Inhibitors on the market 93
Inhibitors in development 96
EGFR and ERBB2 (EGFR family) 101
Target characteristics 101
Approaches to EGFR inhibition 102
Inhibitors on the market 104
Inhibitors in development 107
FLT3, KIT, PDGFRA, and PDGFRB (PDGFR family) 117
Target characteristics 117
Inhibitors on the market 118
Inhibitors in development 119
FLT1, FLT4, and KDR (VEGFR family) 136
Target characteristics 136
Inhibitors on the market 137
Inhibitors in development 138
JAK2 (JakA family) 152
Target characteristics 152
Drugs in development 152
MET (Met family) 155
Target characteristics 155
Agents in development 155
Group: AGC 158
AKT1 (AKT family) 158
Target characteristics 158
Drugs in development 158
Group: CMGC 161
CDC2 and CDK2 (CDK family; CDC2 subfamily) 161
Target characteristics 161
Drugs in development 161
Group: Other 165
AURKA and AURKB (AUR family) 165
Target characteristics 165
Drugs in development 165
PLK1 (PLK family) 169
Target characteristics 169
Drugs in development 169
Group: Atypical 171
Target characteristics 171
Inhibitors on the market 171
Inhibitors in development 172
Dual specificity lipid/protein kinases 176
PIK3CA (PI3K) 176
Target characteristics 176
Inhibitors in development 177
Future trends 181
Chapter 4 Non-cancer applications of kinase drugs 184
Summary 184
Introduction 185
Chronic inflammation and kinases 185
Leading indications 187
Arthritis 187
Diabetes 195
Inflammation 201
Immunosuppression 205
Ophthalmology 208
Psoriasis 211
Pulmonary diseases 214
Cardiovascular 218
Myelodysplastic disorders 222
GI disorders 227
Pain 229
Leading kinase targets 231
MAPK14 231
Target characteristics 231
Inhibitors in development 232
FRAP1 233
Target characteristics 233
Inhibitors on the market 233
Inhibitors in development 234
JAK3 234
Target characteristics 234
Inhibitors in development 234
NTRK1 234
Target characteristics 234
Inhibitors in development 235
ROCK1 235
Target characteristics 235
Inhibitors on the market 235
Inhibitors in development 236
Chapter 5 Leading kinase drug originating companies 238
Summary/Introduction 238
5.1 Abbott Laboratories 239
Company overview 239
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 239
Kinase drug pipeline 239
Ambit Biosciences Corp 241
Company overview 241
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 241
Kinase drug pipeline 242
Amgen Inc 244
Company overview 244
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 244
Kinase drug pipeline 244
Array BioPharma Inc 246
Company overview 246
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 246
Kinase drug pipeline 246
AstraZeneca plc 248
Company overview 248
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 248
Kinase drug pipeline 249
Avila Therapeutics Inc 251
Company overview 251
Kinase drug pipeline 252
Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH 253
Company overview 253
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 253
Kinase drug pipeline 254
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co 256
Company overview 256
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 256
Kinase drug pipeline 257
Cephalon Inc 259
Company overview 259
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 259
Kinase drug pipeline 259
Deciphera Pharmaceuticals LLC 261
Company overview 261
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 261
Kinase drug pipeline 261
Eli Lilly Co 263
Company overview 263
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 263
Kinase drug pipeline 264
Exelixis Inc 268
Company overview 268
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 268
Kinase drug pipeline 269
GlaxoSmithKline plc 271
Company overview 271
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 271
Kinase drug pipeline 272
Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd 274
Company overview 274
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 274
Kinase drug pipeline 275
Johnson & Johnson 277
Company overview 277
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 277
Kinase drug pipeline 278
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co Ltd 280
Company overview 280
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 280
Kinase drug pipeline 280
Novartis International AG 282
Company overview 282
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 282
Kinase drug pipeline 283
Pfizer Inc 286
Company overview 286
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 287
Kinase drug pipeline 287
Sanofi-Aventis Group 289
Company overview 289
Kinase drug pipeline 289
Wyeth 291
Company overview 291
Kinase-related collaborations (2005 onwards) 291
Kinase drug pipeline 292
Chapter 6 Market Analysis: Trends and Forecasts 296
Summary 296
Prevalence of targeted diseases 297
Analyses and Forecasts by Type of Agent 299
Limus agents/mTOR inhibitors 303
Overview 303
Standalone mTOR inhibitors 304
Drug-eluting stents 305
Drug-eluting stent market 306
Sirolimus-eluting stents 307
Everolimus- and zotarolimus-eluting stents 307
Sales trends in mTOR inhibitors 308
Forthcoming mTOR inhibitors 308
EGFR Family inhibitors 309
Overview 309
Trastuzumab 309
Erlotinib 310
Cetuximab 310
Gefitinib 311
Panitumumab 311
Lapatinib 311
Nimotuzumab 312
Sales trends in EGFR Family inhibitors 312
Forthcoming EGFR Family Inhibitors 313
ABL/FLT3 Group Inhibitors 313
Overview 313
Imatinib 314
Dasatinib 314
Nilotinib 315
Sales trends in ABL1/