According to the World Health Organization (WHO), six infectious diseases--pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, malaria, measles and HIV/AIDS--account for half of all premature deaths worldwide, killing mostly children and young adults. What’s more, threatening pandemics such as swine flu (H1N1 influenza A virus) are adding significant pressure to already strained healthcare budgets of governments around the world. This report provides a detailed description of the current infectious diseases drugs market and highlights the existing and developing anti-infective agents used to ameliorate diseases’ afflictions on humankind. Anti-infective agents include: anti-viral therapeutics, antibiotics, anti-fungal agents and prophylactic treatments such as vaccines. Particular attention is paid to the clinical market segment and the pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies involved in anti-infective agents, with specific emphasis on each company’s sales focus, product portfolio and R&D pipeline. To date, the most successful anti-infective agents target the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), the herpes virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), bacterial infections and hepatitis C (HCV). A number of exciting novel anti-viral and antibiotic compounds are currently revolutionizing the infectious diseases drugs market, including Truvada and Valtrex, which are anti-HIV and anti-herpes therapies, respectively. Significant resources are also being dedicated toward hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV) and Staph infections, including MRSA. What’s more, this study will examine the existing and developing anti-infective agents targeted at infectious diseases that continue to devastate developing countries, including: cholera, dengue fever, meningitis, rotavirus, typhoid, yellow fever and onchocerciasis (“river blindness”)

1. Overview 9
1.1 Statement of Report 9
1.2 Scope of the Report 9
1.3 Methodology 10
1.4 Executive Summary 11

2. Clinical Syndromes and Therapy 20
2.1 Head and Neck 22
2.1.1 Sinusitis 22
2.1.2 Pharyngotonsillitis 23
2.1.3 Deep Neck Infections 23
2.1.4 Otitis Media and Externa 23
2.1.5 Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis 23
2.2 Eye 24
2.2.1 Conjunctivitis 24
2.2.2 Keratitis 24
2.2.3 Iritis 24
2.2.4 Retinitis 25
2.2.5 Endophthalmitis 25
2.3 Skin and Lymph Nodes 25
2.3.1 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (cSSSI) 25
2.3.2 Lymphadenitis 25
2.4 Respiratory Tract 26
2.4.1 Bronchitis 26
2.4.2 Laryngitis 26
2.4.3 Pneumonia 26
2.4.4 Influenza 28
2.4.5 Avian Bird Flu 29
2.4.6 Swine Flu 29
2.4.7 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 33
2.4.8 Tuberculosis 34
2.5 Heart and Blood Vessels 38
2.5.1 Endocarditis 38
2.5.2 Acute Pericarditis 38
2.5.3 Myocarditis 38
2.5.4 Vascular Infection 38
2.6 Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver and Abdomen 39
2.6.1 Acute Viral Hepatitis 39
2.6.2 Chronic Hepatitis 39
2.6.3 Biliary Tract Infection 40
2.6.4 Pancreatitis 41
2.6.5 Esophageal Infections 41
2.6.6 Gastroenteritis 41
2.6.7 Peritonitis 42
2.7 Genitourinary Tract 43
2.7.1 Urethritis 43
2.7.2 Prostatitis 43
2.7.3 Urinary Tract Infection 44
2.7.4 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 44
2.7.5 Candiduria 44
2.7.6 Human Papilloma Virus 44
2.8 Nervous System 45
2.8.1 Bacterial Meningitis 45
2.8.2 Viral Encephalitis 46
2.8.3 Reye’s Syndrome 46
2.8.4 Myelitis and Peripheral Neuropathy 46
2.9 Musculoskeletal System 46
2.9.1 Osteomyelitis 46
2.9.2 Polyarthritis 47
2.9.3 Bursitis 47
2.9.4 Psoas Abscess 47
2.10 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection 47
2.11 Blood-borne Infections 53
2.11.1 Malaria 53
2.11.2 West Nile Virus 56

3. Anti-infective Agent Markets 58
3.1 FDA Approvals of New Anti-infective Therapy 60
3.2 Anti-infective Agents in Current Pharmaceutical Developmental Programs 68
3.3 Factors Determining Anti-infective Drug Development 71
3.4 Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditures 71

4. Description of Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents 73
4.1 Anti-bacterials 73
4.1.1 Anti-bacterial Therapeutic Agents in Current Formulation 77
4.1.1.1 ß-lactam Antibiotics 77
4.1.1.2 Fluoroquinones 79
4.1.1.3 Glycopeptides 80
4.1.1.4 Macrolides 80
4.1.1.5 Oxazolidinones 81
4.1.1.6 Other Classes of Anti-bacterial Agents 82
4.1.2 Older Classes of Antibiotics 82
4.2 Anti-virals 83
4.2.1 Overview 83
4.2.2 Anti-viral Therapy 83
4.2.3 Anti-viral Market Leaders 84
4.2.4 Principles of Anti-viral Therapy 84
4.3 Anti-fungals 91
4.3.1 Overview 91
4.3.2 Major Classes of Anti-fungal Therapy 91
4.3.3 Anti-fungal Agent Resistance 92
4.3.4 Anti-fungal Agent Market Leaders 93
4.4 Vaccines 93
4.4.1 Overview 93
4.4.2 Principles of Vaccine Therapy 95
4.4.3 Vaccine Market Leaders 97

5. Market for Anti-infective Agents and Vaccines 100
5.1 Molecular Diagnostics in Determining Demand 100

6. Decision-making Activity in the Anti-infective Market 104
6.1 Net Present Value in Making Decisions to Develop and Market Antibiotics 105

7. Economics of Anti-microbial Drug Resistance: The Persistent need for Anti-bacterials 107
7.1 Resistance and Antibiotic Usage 110

8. Global Market Analysis of Anti-infective Agents 112
8.1 Market Size 112
8.2 Market Share 112
8.3 Market Drivers 114

9. Global Market for Anti-bacterial Therapies 115
9.1 Amoxicillin 117
9.2 Nafcillin 117
9.3 Ticarcillin 117
9.4 Imipenem 118
9.5 Ceftriaxone 118
9.6 Cefotetan 118
9.7 Dalbavancin 119
9.8 Doripenem 120

10. Global Market for Anti-fungal Therapies 121
10.1 Amphotericin B 122
10.2 Azoles 122
10.3 Echinocandins 123
10.4 Flucytosine 123

11. Global Market for Anti-viral Therapies 124
11.1 Antiretroviral Market 124
11.1.1 The Viral Drug Resistance Crisis 124
11.1.2 Emtricitabine 127
11.1.3 CCR5 Receptor Antagonists 128
11.1.4 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 128
11.2 HCV Infections 129
11.2.1 Pegintron Alpha 129
11.2.2 Ribavirin 130
11.2.3 Boceprevir 130
11.3 Acyclovir 130
11.4 Adefovir 130
11.5 Cidofovir 130
11.6 Entecavir 131
11.7 Fomivirsen 131
11.8 Foscarnet 131
11.9 Ganciclovir 131

12. Market, Demographic and Economic Trends 132
12.1 Emerging Trends in Infectious Diseases Worldwide 132
12.2 Global Burden of Infectious Disease 133
12.3 The AIDS Model 134
12.4 Dead-end Transmission of Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases 134
12.5 Environmentally Persistent Organisms 135
12.6 Old Microbes Cause New Disease 135
12.7 Microbial Agents and Chronic Diseases 135
12.8 Remerging and Resurging Infections 136
12.9 Geographical Spread of Infectious Disease 136
12.10 Drug-resistant Microbes 137
12.11 Opportunistic Re-emerging Infections 137
12.12 Re-emerging Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases 137
12.13 Influenza 137
12.14 Deliberately Emerging Infections 138
12.15 Meeting the Challenge of Emerging Diseases 138

13. Political/Legal Trends 139
13.1 AATF and Legislation 139
13.2 Bioterrorism and Biowarfare 141

14. Technological Trends 142
14.1 Anti-microbial Discovery in the Post-genomic Era 142
14.1.1 Anti-bacterial Polypharmacology 142
14.1.2 Topology of Targets 143
14.1.3 Designer Polypharmacology and Designing HIV-Therapies 143

15. Socio-Cultural Trends 144

16. Competitive Landscape 145
16.1 Introduction 145
16.2 Strengths and Weaknesses in Anti-microbial Drug Discovery—Commercial 146
16.3 Strengths and Weaknesses in Anti-microbial Drug Discovery—Academic 147
16.4 Regulatory Hurdles 147
16.5 Business Hurdles 148
16.6 Strategic Alliances, Licensing Activity, and Mergers & Acquisitions in the Anti-infectives Landscape 149

17. Sales Performance amongst the Leading Players: Detailed Analysis of Leading Anti-infective Players 152
17.1 GlaxoSmithKline 152
17.1.1 Overview 152
17.1.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 152
17.1.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 153
17.1.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 155
17.1.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 155
17.2 Merck 156
17.2.1 Overview 156
17.2.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 156
17.2.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 157
17.2.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 159
17.2.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 159
17.3 Pfizer 160
17.3.1 Overview 160
17.3.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 160
17.3.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 161
17.3.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 163
17.3.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 163
17.4 Novartis 164
17.4.1 Overview 164
17.4.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 164
17.4.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 164
17.4.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 165
17.4.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 166
17.5 Gilead Sciences 167
17.5.1 Overview 167
17.5.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 167
17.5.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 168
17.5.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 169
17.5.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 169
17.6 Abbott 170
17.6.1 Overview 170
17.6.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 170
17.6.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 170
17.6.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 171
17.6.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 171
17.7 Wyeth 172
17.7.1 Overview 172
17.7.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 172
17.7.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 172
17.7.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 173
17.7.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 173
17.8 Sanofi-Aventis 174
17.8.1 Overview 174
17.8.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 175
17.8.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 175
17.8.4 R&D Pipeline Analysis 176
17.8.5 Strategic and Growth Analysis 176
17.9 Bristol-Myers Squibb 177
17.9.1 Overview 177
17.9.2 Sales Focus by Drug Class 177
17.9.3 Marketed Product Portfolio 177